What is Analytical Purity?
The purity value in the CoA — typically measured by HPLC-UV — indicates what percentage of the measured substance amount is accounted for by the target compound. A value of 98% means: 98% of the total peak area measured via UV detection is attributed to the desired peptide.
This value is a purely analytical statement — it describes the chemical composition of the sample, not its biological efficacy in a research model.
What is Potency?
Potency refers to the biological activity of a compound in a specific assay or model system. It is typically expressed as EC₅₀ (half-maximal effective concentration) or IC₅₀ (half-maximal inhibitory concentration).
Potency is assay-specific — the same compound can exhibit different activities in different biological systems. A CoA makes no statement about potency.
Key Statement
Purity = chemical composition. Potency = biological activity in the assay. A CoA measures purity — not potency. Both are relevant for research, but they are distinct parameters.
Why do purity and potency not always align?
A peptide with high analytical purity may show low activity in a biological assay — and vice versa. Possible reasons:
- →Incorrect Folding — a chemically pure peptide may exist in the wrong conformation and thus be inactive
- →Solubility Issues — poorly soluble peptides show apparently low activity in assays
- →Assay Conditions — pH, temperature, and buffer composition influence the measured activity
- →UV Absorption of Impurities — some impurities do not absorb UV light at the measurement wavelength and are therefore not captured in HPLC-UV
What does the CoA really report?
A complete CoA with HPLC-UV and mass spectrometry provides two independent pieces of information:
| Method |
What is measured |
What is NOT measured |
| HPLC-UV |
Relative proportion of the target compound in the total substance |
Biological Activity · Solubility · Stability in Solution |
| Mass spectrometry |
Molecular weight and sequence confirmation |
Chirality · Folding State · Potency |
Conclusion for Research Practice
A CoA with a high purity value and mass spectrometry confirmation is the necessary foundation for reproducible research — but no substitute for assay-specific qualification. For research applications dependent on biological activity, dedicated activity assays should be performed.
A purity value of ≥98% via HPLC-UV ensures that the compound has the desired chemical identity and is free from significant synthesis by-products. This is the standard for research-grade peptides — and the basis for all subsequent research work.